Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understANDing of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental AND normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision AND regulation determines how the market functions AND in order to understAND this difference one must understAND competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production AND industry or on a non-interventional AND regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements AND imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity AND clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran AND the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Compared with their bulky or nanosized counterparts, nanostructured carbon materials attract many researchers due to their diverse practical applications. Graphene has been successfully fabricated using a pulsed laser ablation process. It relies on the exfoliation of a graphite disc to induce polycarbonate sheets suspended in an aqueous medium (deionized water). Chlorophyll was extracted from spinach AND then mixed with graphene. The PROPERTIES were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) AND X-ray diffraction (XRD). Various graphene nanostructures have been observed, such as disks, dots, AND fibers. The OPTICAL PROPERTIES were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy AND photoluminescence (PL) measurements. PL of graphene typically shows strong photoemission in the visible region (400.7 nm, 675.3 nm).

Sphere-like cerium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The resulting samples were investigated using various techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), AND ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectra). The crystal structure of cubic fluorite AND its average particle size range between 10- 20 nm, as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The diameters of the cerium dioxide nanoparticles in the range of 23.52 nm were determined using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cerium dioxide nanoparticles were spherical with a diameter of approximately 15.3 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed highly pure cerium dioxide nanostructures. The bANDgap energy of the cerium dioxide sample was estimated at 3.34 eV by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the maximum photocatalytic activity AND maximum photodegradation efficiency of Congo red dye were achieved by the action of valence bAND holes.

In this work, Fe doped TiO2 nanoparticles at different Fe/Ti molar ratio from 1 to 10% AND different annealing temperature from 400 to 800 oC were investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) AND diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The size of prepared nanoparticles was estimated between 6 to 100 nm by transmission electron microscopy. The characterization by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed that the OPTICAL absorption in the visible region significantly increased by doping of TiO2 nanoparticles. . The calculated gap energy by second derivative of Tauc plot demonstrated that the gap energy decreased to 2. 5 eV for samples at higher Fe content AND annealing temperature.

In this study, the STRUCTURAL, electronic, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES of InN in three phases of zinc, vortexite, AND NaCl have been studied. The calculations have been performed using the pseudopotential method in the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) by Quantum espresso package with LDA, GGA, AND PBE0 approximations for the exchange AND correlation potential terms. The results show that the bAND gap for InN in the hexagonal phase is a semiconductor with a direct bAND gap while it is indirect in the NaCl phase. The mostly contributed in the valence bAND AND in the conduction bAND of the s-orbital nitrogen atom AND orbital s AND p indium atoms. The result of the compressibility shows that the STRUCTURAL phase of the NaCl is less dense than the two STRUCTURAL phases. Also, the OPTICAL PROPERTIES of the compound including dielectric function, refractive index, electron energy loss Spectroscopy, AND the results are consistent with other available data.

In this article we report the preparation of CdSe thin films by chemical bath deposition method (CBD).The as deposited film grew with nanocrystalline cubic phase. The effect of annealing temperature, annealing time, deposition time AND the temperature dependent of the DC-conductivity of CdSe nanoparticle films has been studied. It is shown that the OPTICAL gap AND electrical PROPERTIES are function of the key parameters AND the electrical conductivity in the temperature range 300-475 K is dominated by the hopping of charge carrier between localized states.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions AND actions AND their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design AND intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective AND Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method AND method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement AND the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size AND statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used AND the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO AND SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory AND the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach AND classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest AND item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, AND the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 AND rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..